Economic system and political policy is an integral because it can not be influenced one another. This paradigm is based that politics is the superstructure which is a mirror of the infrastructure (economic system). In the language of philosophy: determining the real condition of human consciousness, or social circumstances determines social consciousness, or the infrastructure determines the superstructure.

One thing to note is that even can form a variety of different economic systems, any and all economic systems are not able to avoid the various rules which apply in economics. One rule of microeconomics is the law of supply and demand, which is where the price of a good or service can not remain low if demand increases while penwarannya not come up. The government regulated economic system, prices can remain low but should be accompanied with the subsidy.

A rule of economics at the macro level is that if the government’s fiscal policy can not be balanced to be covered by foreign loans except increased taxes and increase the money supply in terms of monetary policy. The second example of the entry into force of this economic law and its implications (in this example: the need for subsidies and the need for foreign loans and / or higher inflation) shows that economic development problems can more terselesaiakan at the level of the economic system, through the application of various rules of the economy, will increasingly reduce the problem to be solved at the level of the political system.

Meanwhile, based on the nature of political economy is economic activity that determines the consciousness of political authority in determining policy. If economic activity characterized by capitalism, then awareness of political authority in determining the economic policies must be in accordance with the economic system of capitalism. If economic activity characterized by a socialist, then awareness of political authority in determining the economic policies must be in accordance with populist or socialist economic systems.

In Indonesia, the economic system based on Pancasila and the Constitution 45 as in article 33, which outlined the concept of Indonesian economy on the principles of brotherhood, which was given the name of democracy and economic system or economic system of Pancasila.

In political terms this is the policy of this government is very influential in setting national economic life. Meanwhile, in its development, an economic system will continue to have the formation and adjustment in accordance with the various issues and problems that developed in the community that determines the movement of economic and political systems are moving towards the Liberal or even move toward etatisme, moving toward a democratic or autocratic ?

That is where government plays a role in development policy-political policy to normalize the economic situation does not occur so that the economic whims profanity.

Macro economics or macroeconomics is the opposite of the micro-economics is the study of the overall economy. Macroeconomics explain the economic changes that affect many households (household), companies and markets. Macroeconomics can be used to analyze how best to influence policy goals such as economic growth, price stability, employment, and achieving a sustainable balance.
Origin of Macroeconomic Concepts

Until 1930 most of the economic analysis focuses on industries and companies. When the Great Depression of the 1930s, and with the development of the concept of national income and product statistics, the field of macroeconomics began to expand. At that time, the ideas which are mainly derived from John Maynard Keynes, who uses the concept of aggregate demand to explain fluctuations between production output and the unemployment rate, is very influential in the development of this field. Keynesianism is based on his ideas.
Analytic approach

Traditional distinction is between two different approaches to economics: Keynesian economics, focusing on demand, and supply-side economics (or neo-classical) that focus on inventory. Both of them can not walk alone, but this is only the problem of emphasis.

Macro economics or macroeconomics is the opposite of the micro-economics is the study of the overall economy. Macroeconomics explain the economic changes that affect many households (household), companies and markets. Macroeconomics can be used to analyze how best to influence policy goals such as economic growth, price stability, labor, and  Economy

Economic development is a process of increase in total income and income per capita, with consideration of the growth of population and is accompanied by fundamental changes in economic structures of a country.

Economic development can not be separated from economic growth (economic growth); economic development promote economic growth, and vice versa, facilitate economic growth in the economic development process.

What is meant by economic growth is a process of increasing production capacity of an economy are realized in the form of increase in national income. A country is said to have economic growth if there was an increase of real GNP in the country. The existence of economic growth is an indication of the success of economic development.

The difference between them is the success of economic growth more quantitative, namely an increase in the standard and level of income generated in production output, while economic development is more qualitative, not just the increment of production, but there are also changes in the structure of production and allocation of inputs at various sectors of the economy such as in institutions, knowledge, and techniques. sustainable balance.
Origin of Macroeconomic Concepts

Until 1930 most of the economic analysis focuses on industries and companies. When the Great Depression of the 1930s, and with the development of the concept of national income and product statistics, the field of macroeconomics began to expand. At that time, the ideas which are mainly derived from John Maynard Keynes, who uses the concept of aggregate demand to explain fluctuations between production output and the unemployment rate, is very influential in the development of this field. Keynesianism is based on his ideas.
Analytic approach

Traditional distinction is between two different approaches to economics: Keynesian economics, focusing on demand, and supply-side economics (or neo-classical) that focus on inventory. Both of them can not walk alone, but this is only the problem of emphasis.

Islamic Economics and Islamic Economic System is a manifestation of the Islamic paradigm. Economic development of Sharia and Islamic Economic System not to rival the economic system of capitalist or socialist economic system, but rather were intended to find an economic system that has the strengths to cover the deficiencies of the existing economic system. Islam down to earth is intended to regulate human life in order to achieve tranquility and happiness of the people living in the world and the Hereafter as the highest economic value.

To learn more about the Islamic economic system,

“We are revising 17 customs documents which are no longer fit. One of them will be able to add items of choice in PEB documents (notice of export goods), the choice of banks that will be used to accommodate the results of its exports, whether foreign or foreign exchange banks in the country, “said Acting Director of Information Directorate General of Customs and Excise Customs and Excise Susiwijono Moegiarso in Jakarta, late last week. Documents are still using the 2001 standard.

According Susiwijono, an additional clause in the document that PEB will automatically provide information to the system of the Directorate General of Customs and Excise information about exporters who often keep its export proceeds abroad. The nature of the inclusion of foreign banks that used the information is indeed based on the principle of self-assessment (self diikrarkan by exporters) so that exporters honesty will be tested.

“If the exporter to provide information that is not in accordance with reality (for example, mentions that the money will be refunded to export products domestically through domestic banks, but may in fact kept outside the country), he will be exposed to heavy penalties for giving false information. Thus, the PEB step we should revise the document could be an effort to detect the flow of foreign exchange export proceeds it, “he said.

Outdated

Susiwijono said, starting in 2009 appears discourse requires all exporters using letters of credit (L / C) as the basis for payment of export so that the flow of foreign exchange export proceeds can be detected in the country. However, this method is less effective because the use of L / C is considered outdated. Exporters often use other payment means, among other special accounts in certain banks. Consequently, the obligation to use the L / C will be difficult to apply.

Effects, until recently the government through the Ministry of Commerce has four times the delay implementation of the obligation of L / C. Liability L / C was required to export results conducted Indonesian businessman will be reserves in the country. The plan, the export obligation by the L / C will take effect on July 1, 2010.

“On that basis, Customs and Excise consulted in order to create funds to exporters to enter the country without having to require the L / C. Incidentally we were revising the 17 documents. So, can we put those thoughts in this revision process, “said Susiwijono.

The entire document will be revised fundamentally flawed, that is not yet adjusted to the existence of free trade agreements between countries and antarkawasan, including the ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA).

As a result, the government will not be able to detect the impact from the passage of these free trade agreements on the import or export growth

“This means the community groups that never promiscuous species eat only rice and stuffed it suffers from rice price increases is higher than rice consuming public,” said Head of the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), Rusman Heriawan in Jakarta, Monday (1 / 2 / 2010) as a monthly report on inflation, exports, imports, and economic indicators other.

BPS only classify two types of rice in the survey, the general rice and rice price. However, the main data consist of BPS kinds of rice based on the brand, say Ciherang or Cianjur.

Common rice prices during January 2010 was reported up from Rp 6938 per kg in December 2009 to $ 7482 per kilogram, an increase of 7.83 percent. Thus, the increase is lower than the average increase in the price of the cheapest rice consumption of the poor.

Only one of the most appropriate policy to reduce the price of rice consumed by the poor is raski market operations (rice for the poor). “Because this is a rice consuming public who buy the cheapest price of rice,” said Rusman.

“The growth of Indonesian exports to the United States and Japan declined, while imports from China rose,” said Head of the Department of Finance Fiscal Policy Anggito Abimanyu, during a hearing with House Commission XI, at the Parliament Building, Jakarta, Monday (1/2/2010 ).

He explained, free trade has come into force since 2004. Although imports from China rose, but Indonesia’s exports to China and India also increased. Anggito detailing, in 2004 Indonesia’s export share to Japan reached 22.3 percent, or down to 16 percent in 2009.

Likewise, exports to the United States is down from 6.9 percent to 6.3 percent in 2009. Exports to China reached 6.5 percent, or up to 9.9 percent in 2009. Likewise, exports to India which rose from 3.1 percent in 2004 to 6.5 percent in 2009.

Meanwhile, in 2004 imports from China reached 8.8 percent in 2009 and then rose to reach 12.1 percent. For imports from Australia decreased from 4.76 percent in 2004 to 3.09 percent in 2009.

U.S. imports also fell from 6.9 to 6.3 percent perseh, Japan from 13.1 percent to 8.7 percent and Europe also fell from 11.5 percent to 8.3 percent. “Imports fell because they lost to China,” said Anggito.

However, during the year 2000 to 2008 showed an increase of trade volume and trade balance grew 10 percent who are still there mengindikasian export growth, especially in non-oil sector.

JAL finally declare bankruptcy and ask for legal protection for creditors is not required to auction off assets cheaply to the risk of not having the opportunity to restructure.

JAL has 25 billion dollar debt the U.S. and is the largest bankruptcy in corporate history outside Japan’s financial companies.

Why? JAL did not properly handled. Under the auspices of the government and the service to the community, JAL also must serve the routes that are not profitable.

JAL also carried away with the support and status as the Japanese flag carrier. This makes so little attention JAL’s financial performance. His debts little by little into the hill. On the other hand, shrinking assets. Market value for a long time only a small airline equivalent of Croatia.

Of government support for JAL, especially financial aid, making the nearest competitor furious JAL, Nippon Airlines (ANA), which assess the aid to be unfair and JAL JAL should follow the market and face competition.

The Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper reported JAL 151 domestic routes only filled less than 50 percent of passengers. Only 11 of the 99 JAL flights were filled more than 70 percent of passengers. The high cost of treatment at the airport and also hit profits JAL, which was in a position greater than the pole peg.

Began the 1960s, the Japanese Government to concentrate on building a new airport. However, in 1964, even before the construction boom in the airport, fast train appeared. This helped a blow to JAL.

The local and national politicians continue to lobby the government to build airports everywhere. Almost every prefecture of Japan has the airport. Airport to be opened 98 years ago in Shizuoka, about 50 kilometers from Mount Fuji. All airports should be served JAL.

Apart from the burden imposed to JAL, as long as it can still fly JAL. JAL wings can not be separated from the history of Japanese development. Devastated countries in World War II had managed to rise as an Asian tiger. Finally, the economic power of Japan ranked second after the United States.

However, Japanese people are now driving the high productivity of the 1960s had aged. Population growth also fell.

Japanese creativity, to create nonmanufaktur economic base, as well as drag. Japan continued to rely on the economy with its manufacturing base even with high quality. However, China recently became the largest competitor in the manufacturing sector. It is estimated that China’s economic strength will take second place, displacing Japan in 2020.

For years, Japan suffered deflation that would not go over. When nearly recovered, changing the global crisis hit. Sluggish economic growth, also discourage Japanese passenger flow past a very intense pleasure.

Strong competition from the airlines, both Asia and the U.S., also continued to hit the JAL, which is known safe and expensive.

It is the pride when the Japanese working at JAL. Secure family life, complete, up to benefit a very large pension. However, these benefits also gave birth to the financial problems at JAL.

The hope was there for JAL to exist. Of 134 Japanese companies that declared bankruptcy in 2004 and 2009 period, approximately 50 percent can improve. Only 1.5 percent of bankrupt companies liquidated, according to data from Teikoku Databank.

The companies on average take 1.7 years to get out of the process of restructuring. Maybe after three years of running the restructuring, JAL will be back up victorious.

However, it must be only in the form of a smaller company and no longer able to serve 217 airports in 35 countries and regions. JAL may also not be able to carry 53 million passengers as last year, which as many as 41 million is for domestic routes.

JAL will no longer be the world’s largest airline, in terms of frequency of regular flights like the past.

Nomura Securities analyst, Makoto Murayama, said JAL is also wrong about the calculation of market potential. ANA is much more professional and take into account competitive market prospects.

JAL had not been financially feasible. Supporting economic giant with an injection of government funds many times. “Economic giant in the world number two is aging, and aging also the glory of JAL in the air,” the writing on the news agency Agence France Presse on January 19.

ASEAN economic cooperation, China is expected to improve the welfare of the people in their respective countries. In order to realize the big dream, agreed to reduce trade barriers so as to create trade with lower cost. In addition, also agreed to increase trade and intra-regional investment and improve economic efficiency.

Steps to achieve that, among other things, with the progressive elimination of tariff barriers and trade nontarif in all things. Liberalization of trade in goods and services progressively with a significant sector coverage. So, where is the position of the agricultural sector in the ASEAN-China FTA is this?

Free Trade Agreement ASEAN-China (FTA) for the agricultural sector is actually a reaction to the breakdown of negotiations related to the liberalization of the agricultural sector in the World Trade Organization (WTO).

It is difficult for Indonesia to reject this free trade agreement. Denial will only make isolated from Indonesia regional trade stage. On the other hand, reject the ASEAN-China FTA is not automatically going to make a strong domestic economy.

Without accepting the ASEAN-China FTA too, would be inundated Indonesia imported products from China, which entered through the ASEAN countries other, which previously had been tied to regional cooperation.

Meanwhile, when Indonesia was involved in the ASEAN-China FTA, also not without problems. Indonesia, with 230 million inhabitants, is a very big market for commodities and products in China. Prior to the ASEAN-China FTA implemented, various products from China are flooding the Indonesian domestic market.

Many Indonesian commodities and products that are difficult to compete with imported products from China. In fact, the industry producing these products, as well as the cultivation of agricultural commodities, become the foundation of life of millions of people of Indonesia.

As a nation, Indonesia did not need to lose heart against this wave of free trade as long as all the “homework” that is, since the ratification was signed in 2004, done and done well. That homework is to increase capacity and production quality so that the competitiveness of commodities and products of Indonesia increased.

Minister of Agriculture Suswono states, the ASEAN-China FTA is a policy that was agreed upon. Therefore, a better effort when faced with increased capacity, production, and quality of Indonesian agricultural commodities. This was necessary because Indonesia can not survive forever strategy. Sooner or later, free trade will happen.

Therefore, the government will encourage greater export competitiveness of superior agricultural products, such as oil palm, rubber, chocolate, mangosteen, salak, pineapple, and other horticultural commodities.

For plantation subsector, perhaps Indonesia does not need to worry. Balance of trade in Indonesian plantation products-China post-EHP (early harvest program / acceleration of the reduction or elimination of tariffs) is positive and rising.

In the year 2004 the trade balance of plantation products-China Indonesia surplus only 763.63 million U.S. dollars, year 2008 rose by almost three-fold to 2.757 billion U.S. dollars.

According to the Director General of Processing and Marketing of Agricultural Products Ministry of Agriculture Dennis Bacharuddin, from 20 main agricultural commodities exported to China, Indonesia, dominated by plantation commodities. Commodities in the form of primary commodities or processed products.

Plantation commodities that dominate Indonesia’s exports are palm oil, palm kernel oil, rubber, SIR 20, a rubber sheet, oil, copra, cocoa and half-broken broken, polybutadiene styrene rubber (SBR), margarine rather than canned, with a mixture of ammonia rubber, rubber with a mixture silica, as well as roasted coffee does not contain caffeine.

Blow

In contrast to the plantation, food crops, horticulture, and livestock instead faced a serious challenge. Yet these subsectors become the foundation of life most of the people of Indonesia.

Balance of trade in food crops in Indonesia, China 2004 deficit of 43.031 million U.S. dollars. In 2008 the deficit ballooned to U.S. $ 109.531 million.

Horticultural commodity trade balance deficit of U.S. $ 150.282 million (2004) and the 2008 deficit of U.S. $ 434.403 million. The livestock commodity trade balance deficit in 2004 U.S. dollars 7.798 million, and in 2008 became a deficit 17.948 million U.S. dollars.

Although the aggregate trade balance surplus in Indonesia increased, it does not necessarily encourage greater welfare of Indonesian society. Moreover, the three sub-sectors of the hangers having lived the majority of the blows.

Ministry of Agriculture data show, in 2009 the amount of labor in plantation sub-sector is only 19.7 million people or 45.7 percent of total agricultural labor force.

Of the 19.7 million people, only about 8 million people are absorbed in the oil palm and rubber. The rest of the other plantation commodities. Oil palm and rubber plantations cultivated more large, both state and private property.

As for food crops, horticulture, and livestock to absorb more than 30 million workers. Thus, errors in conducting the governance of three subsectors of agriculture that will directly mengimbas on economy joints masses.

Therefore, it is time the government made major steps to accelerate the development of the agricultural sector at any cost. Without the free trade of ASEAN-China will become the gate only the misery of the people.

Peasants in the village of Karang Anom, Kecamatan Tanjung Bintang, Lampung Selatan, Rabu (16 / 4), to harvest rice. In the past week, the price of dry grain harvest in Lampung high observed, approximately Rp 2200 per kg. The high grain prices make farmers not to sell grain directly, but keep it to fulfill their daily needs.
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JAKARTA, KOMPAS.com – Consumers feel confident that inflation will rise in the next six months. Based on survey results of consumer confidence index, an index which measures consumer sentiment on inflation level increased from 181.8 to 183.6 in November became December 2009.

The survey was conducted Danareksa Research Institute (DRI) published in Jakarta, Tuesday (5/1/2010). Previously, Head of the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) announced Rusman Heriawan, Indonesia recorded the lowest inflation for the last ten years in 2009, which is 2.78 percent.

According to DRI’s Chief Economist Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa, an increase in inflation next six months largely due to seasonal factors due to rising prices of goods and services.

“Toward the Christmas celebrations and New Year, demand for food, food, and clothing are increasing,” said Purbaya. In June, annual inflation is expected to be in the range of 5 percent.

Nevertheless, clear Purbaya, to December 2009, the price increase does not seem as great as usually happens in December last year that the number of consumers who are concerned about the price movement is reduced.

Legal certainty

Meanwhile, consumer confidence in the government’s ability to perform his duties continued to weaken in the survey in December.

After falling in the previous survey, the index of consumer confidence in government (IKKP) fell back by 5.56 percent to 104.6 in December, which is the lowest level in nearly a year past.

It IKKP declining mainly due to the decline in consumer confidence in the ability of governments in creating legal certainty.

Based on survey results of DRI in December 2009, consumer confidence increased again because consumers feel the economic situation is better today.

Consumer confidence index (IKK) rose 0.7 percent to 89.1 in December, which is the highest level in four months. The increase in IKK was also driven by reduced consumer fears of rising prices of basic foodstuffs.

Purbaya explained, currently only 53.8 percent of consumers surveyed expressed their concerns over the issue price of basic foodstuffs.

The two components that make up the IKK increased in December. Component that shows the current situation, the present situation index (ISS), rose by 1.1 percent to 72.7 in December as consumers give a better assessment of current economic conditions.

Meanwhile, the component that shows the state IKK future expectations index (IE), rose by 0.5 percent to 101.3. The increase in IE shows the public’s optimism about the prospects of increasing the family income.

Consumers plan to buy durable goods declined slightly in December after reaching its highest level in four years in November.

The proportion of consumers who plan to buy durable goods in the next 6 months fell to 27.5 percent from 29.0 percent in November.

However, Purbaya said, consumer interest for buying durable goods is still at a high level.

Consumer confidence survey using 1700 samples from Indonesia household survey of six areas. In doing research on the economic movement, one of the tools used by DRI are the indicators of early warning, including a survey on consumer confidence.

This survey, said Purbaya, using face-to-face interview method. The sample for this national survey has been selected in accordance with the statistical methodology to represent the character, demographic, and economic conditions accurately consumer Indonesia.

Quality control survey that meets strict international standards. DRI, which was established in 1999, is a nonprofit research institute